http://www.nalandabodhi.org/nyingma_lineage.html
The Nyingma Lineage Of The Buddhism Of Tibet
The Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche
Compiled specially for the web (2000)
西藏佛教的宁玛传承
大圆满上师庞洛普仁波切
特别为上网而编辑［（２０００）］
The Nyingma lineage is the oldest of the great Tibetan Buddhist traditions. Lineage heads revered by the Nyingma were responsible for bringing Buddhism from India to the "Land of the Snows," and for the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet.
宁玛传承是伟大的藏传佛教传统中最古老的传承。宁玛派所
崇敬的传承祖师把佛教从印度带到了“雪域”并建立了藏传
佛教。
The Nyingma lineage traces its origin to the Indian master, Guru Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, who came to Tibet in 817 C.E. at the invitation of the Tibetan King, Trisong Detsen (742-797). In the eighth century, while the great buddhist traditions were flourishing in India, King Trisong Detsen invited the great Abbot Shantarakshita to establish buddhism in Tibet. The King worked with Shantarakshita in establishing Buddhism, but they soon faced hindrances to their work. At Shantarakshita's suggestion, the King of Tibet invited Padmasambhava to Tibet, requesting him to pacify the negative and obstructing forces. Through his compassion and wisdom, Padmasambhava overcame these obstacles, and genuine buddhism was successfully transplanted in Tibet .
宁玛传承追溯到印度佛教大师，莲花生上师，或称莲师。公元817年莲花生大师在藏王赤松德赞（742-793）的邀请下入藏。八世纪正是伟大的佛教传统在印度繁荣的世纪，藏王赤松德赞邀请静命大师在西藏创立了佛教，国王和静命大师建立佛教不久，他们的宏法事业便受到了阻碍。在静命大师的建议下，藏王邀请莲花生大师入藏，请大师平息各种阻力。莲花生大师运用他的的慈悲与智慧，不久各种阻力就被平息下去，正统佛教终于成功在西藏扎根。
Together with the great bodhisattva, Abbot Shantarakshita, Padmasambhava built the renowned Samyey monastery (in Southern Tibet), which became a principal center of learning, where most of the Sanskrit texts and literature from India were first translated into Tibetan. Under the guidance of Padmasambhava, Shantarakshita, and the Dharma King Trisong Detsen, the teachings of Buddha Shakyamuni, and commentaries of the Indian masters of Nalanda University and other places were fully translated into Tibetan at Samye.
莲花生大师与大菩萨静命大师一同建立了著名的桑耶寺（在西藏南部）。桑耶寺成为教法的中心，许多从印度带来的梵文经典与文学作品首先在桑耶寺被翻译成藏文。在莲花生大师，静命大师和藏王赤松德赞的领导下，佛陀的教言，那烂陀寺和其它地方印度大师的论典在桑耶寺被全部翻译成了藏文。
Masters Of Vajrayana
Guru Rinpoche was a Vajrayana master, and he taught widely from the highest classes of tantra, the textual vehicles of the Vajrayana. In particular, he transmitted these Vajrayana teachings to his twenty-five principal disciples. These first Tibetan masters became renowned for their spiritual accomplishments. The continuous, unbroken transmission from Guru Rinpoche through these principal disciples to their own disciples and so forth is called Kama, the oral transmission lineage.
金刚乘的大师们
莲师是金刚乘大师，他广泛传授了最高密续经典中的教法。莲师特别将这些金刚乘教法传给了他的二十五个大弟子。这些西藏的第一批大师们以他们的修行成就闻名于世。从莲师通过其大弟子再连续不断传授下来的传承承称为卡玛(Kama)，口传世系。
Padmasambhava also hid hundreds of scriptures, images and ritual articles throughout Tibet. These items became known as "Treasures," and were concealed in many different ways. At the same time, Padmasambhava left precise instructions on how to discover and reveal these treasures for the benefit of future generations. Since that time, over a hundred masters have appeared who revealed these Treasures and taught them to their disciples, in this way continuing the lineage of Padmasambhava. The master who reveals such treasure is known as the terton , or "treasure revealer." This transmission from Guru Rinpoche through the tertons is called the Terma, the revealed treasure lineage. These lineages of revealed teachings include the Dzogchen, or Great Completion, teachings taught by Garab Dorje, Shri Simha, Padmasambhava, Jnanasutra, and Vimalamitra, and are known today in Tibet as the Nyingma lineage.
莲花生大师在西藏各地也隐藏了许多经文，图象，仪轨文。它们就是后来所熟知的伏藏品，这些伏藏品是以各种不同方式隐藏起来的。同时，为了以后众生的利益，莲花生大师也留下了如何开启这些伏藏品的精确指示。从那时起，已经有超过一百多位大师出现开启伏藏品，并传授给他们的弟子，以这种方式延续了莲师的教法。开启这些伏藏品的大师称为特腾(terton)，就是伏藏师的意思。从莲花生大师通过特腾(tertons)的传承称为特玛(terma)，取藏传承。这些取藏经典的传承的教法包括了DZOGCHEN，或名大圆满，此乃由极喜金刚（GARAB DORJE），西日桑哈（Shri Simha），莲花生（Padmasambhava），迦纳思扎（Jnanasutra）和布玛莫扎／无垢友（Vimalamitra）所教授的教法，就是现在西藏所熟知的宁玛传承。
Lines Of Transmission
The Nyingma lineage identifies three specific lines of transmission of the Vajrayana teachings of the tantras:
the Thought Lineage of the Buddhas;
the Symbolic Lineage of the Awareness Holders or Vidhyadharas; and
the Human Ear-whispered Lineage.
传承世系
密典的金刚乘教法在宁玛派一般分为三种传承方式：
诸佛心意传承；
持明指示传承；和
人间口耳传承
The lineage transmission that was carried by Padmasambhava originated with the teachings of Samantabhadra, Vajrasattva and the Prince Prahevajra or Garab Dorje, who transmitted the Dzogchen Atiyoga teachings. The latter lived in India a few centuries after the parinirvana (death) of the Buddha. Garab Dorje transmitted those teachings to Manjusrimitra and from him to Shrisimha, and then to the Indian-born teachers, Padmasambhava, Jnanasutra, and Vimalamitra. They, together with the Tibetan-born teacher Vairochana, received the transmission of this lineage directly from the aforementioned lineage holders, and in turn transmitted and brought the lineage and teachings to Tibet, thus commencing in Tibet the lineage which continues to the present day.
莲花生(Padmasambhava)大师传入西藏的传承世系起源于由普贤王如来(Samantabhadra)，金刚萨垛(Vajrasattva)和PRAHEVAJRA 王子或称为极喜金刚（GARAB DORJE）的教法，［PRAHEVAJRA是极喜金刚的梵文］后者传承了大圆满阿底约噶教法。极喜金刚在佛陀涅磐后几世纪在印度住世。极喜金刚将那些教法传给了文殊友(Manjusrimitra)。文殊友又将教法传承给了西日桑哈（Shrisimha），然后传承给了出生于印度的祖师，莲花生大师，迦纳思扎(Jnanasutra)，和无垢友(Vimalamitra)。他们和出生于西藏的导师毗卢遮那(Vairochana)一起继承了前面说到的传承祖师的传承。他们转而将传承和教法引入西藏，由此开辟了延续至今天的传承世系。
The Nine Yana Path
Teachings of the Nyingma lineage classify the entire Buddhist teachings into Nine Yanas or Vehicles. The Three Common Vehicles: 1) Shravaka Yana, 2) Pratyekabuddha Yana, and 3) the Bodhisattva Yana; the Three Outer Tantras of: 4) Kriya Tantra, 5) Upa or Charya Tantra, and 6) Yoga Tantra; finally, the Three Innermost Tantras: 7) Mahayoga, 8) the Annuyoga, and 9) the Atiyoga. The first six of these nine yanas or vehicles are common to all schools of Tibetan Buddhism, whereas the last three are unique to the Nyingma lineage.
九乘次第
宁玛传承的教法将整个佛教的教法划分为九乘(Yana)。共三乘：1）声闻乘，2）缘觉乘，3）菩萨乘；外密三乘：4）尖雅(作部)，5）乌巴(行部)，6）约嘎(瑜伽部)；最后是内密三乘：7）嘛哈约嘎(大瑜伽)，8）阿努约嘎(随瑜伽)，9）阿的约嘎(极瑜伽)。这九乘中前六乘是藏传佛教的所有教派共有的，后三乘则为宁玛传承所独有。
Nyingma Institutions In Tibet And India
Initially, the lineage traditions of the Nyingma was based less on institutional structures than on individual lineage transmission, but the Nyingma lineage became more institutionalized later in its history. Nyingma teachers began building great Nyingma monastic centers in the 15th century. The most renowned centers are the Six Great Seats of the Nyingma lineage, which consist of:
Central Tibet:
1) Mindrol Ling, founded in 1676;
2) Dorje Drak, founded in 1632;
Eastern Tibet:
3) Dzogchen, founded in 1685;
4) Shechen, founded in 1735;
Lower Eastern Tibet:
5) Kathok, founded in 1159;
6) Palyul, founded in 1665.
在西藏和印度的宁玛派寺院
最初，宁玛传承基本上是通过个人传授的方式，较少在寺院组织内进行。但在后期，宁玛传承方式变的越来越制度化了。15世纪以来，宁玛派大师们建立许多伟大的宁玛寺院。最著名的是宁玛派的六大座，它们是：
西藏中部：
1）敏珠林寺， 1676年创建
2）多吉扎寺， 1632年创建
西藏东部：
3）竹庆寺，1685年创建
4）谢钦寺，1735年创建
西藏东部偏南：
5）噶陀寺，1159年创建
6）白玉寺，1665年创建
After 1959, masters who fled to India established their traditional seats in exile and continue the unbroken lineage teachings to this day. For example, Dzogchen Monastery was reestablished in southern India. To learn more, go to the Dzogchen Monastery website.
1959年后，流亡到印度的大师们在印度创建了他们传统的法座，将宁玛不间断的传承延续到今天。例如竹庆寺便在印度南部重建了。想了解更多的情况，可访问竹庆寺的网站（http://www.dzogchenmonastery.net）。
